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City of David (Hebrew: ((ヘブライ語:עיר דוד), ''Ir David''; Arabic: (アラビア語:مدينة داوود), ''Madīna Dāwūd'') is the archaeological site of ancient Jerusalem of the pre-Babylonian exile era〔Ariel, D. T., & De Groot, A. (1978). The Iron Age extramural occupation at the City of David and additional observations on the Siloam Channel. Excavation at the City of David, 1985.〕〔Broshi, M. (1974). The expansion of Jerusalem in the reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. Israel Exploration Journal, 21–26.〕〔Reich, R., & Shukron, E. (2000). The Excavations at the Gihon Spring and Warren’s Shaft System in the City of David. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem, 327–339.〕 It is located beneath the neighborhood of Wadi Hilweh (Arabic: وادي حلوه), and beneath the southern city walls of old Jerusalem. The remains in the site include a water tunnel and a pool of water reservoir built by king Hezekiah and the Acra,〔(Eisenbud, D. (2015). Archeological find in Jerusalem’s City of David may answer ancient mystery. Jerusalem Post. )〕 a fortress built by Antiochus Epiphanes to subdue ancient Jerusalem. Also, a Bullae with the names of Yehucal son of Shelemiah and Gedaliah son of Pashhur, two officials mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah, have been found in the site. Some archeologists believe that a Large Stone Structure, tentatively dated to the tenth to ninth century BC, found in the site may be the palace of king David.〔Mazar, Eilat, 2009, The Palace of King David, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David. Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007. Jerusalem〕 The area is one of the most intensively excavated sites in the wider region.〔(Light at the End of the Tunnel: Warren's Shaft Theory of David's Conquest Shattered ), Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron, BAR January/February 1999: 22-33, 72, quote: "The area we are talking about – the eastern slope of the City of David and particularly the strip above the Gihon Spring – has been subject to more archaeological excavations and research than any site in Jerusalem, and even in Israel."〕 The debate within biblical archaeology over the location of the City of David began in the late 19th century with the excavations of Charles Warren and Hermann Guthe on the hill southeast of the Old City.〔(Excavations in the City of David Under Ottoman Rule ), quote: "Warren and Guthe's discoveries triggered the discussion on whether it was this very hill, on the southern outskirts of the Old City of Jerusalem, which was taken by King David and turned into his capital."〕〔(Palestine Exploration Fund 1895 ), including a number of scholarly discussions on the debate around the location〕 The 1909-11 work of Louis-Hugues Vincent and Montagu Brownlow Parker identified the earliest known human remains in the Jerusalem region,〔(Excavations in the City of David Under Ottoman Rule ), quote: "One of the peculiar outcomes of this "dig" was that the ancient graves discovered on the upper part of the slope and correctly dated by Vincent to the Early Bronze period, are still the most ancient remains known, not only on the southeastern hill but in all of Jerusalem. This discovery has actually provided the decisive proof that the southeastern hill is the site of the earliest human settlement of Jerusalem and confirms its identification as the biblical City of David."〕〔(The Oxford Companion to Archaeology ), p.167〕 suggesting the area was an ancient core of settlement in Jerusalem dating back to the Bronze Age.〔Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, (''David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of Western Tradition,'' ) Simon and Schuster, 2007 p.129.〕〔Hillel Geva, ('Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarters,' ) in Andrew G. Vaughn, Ann E. Killebrew (eds.),''Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period,'' Society of Biblical Literature, 2003,pp.183-208,p.183.〕 It is on a narrow ridge running south from the Temple Mount in the predominantly Arab neighborhood of Silwan in East Jerusalem.〔Aviad Glickman, ('Silwan man who stoned Jewish vehicle gets 4 years,' ) at Ynet 27 Dec 2011.〕〔United Nations, (''Report of the Human Rights Council: Twelfth Session (14 September - 2 October 2009,'' ) UN 2010 p.98 (j).〕 It is thought to have been a walled city in the Bronze Age which enjoyed the defensive advantages of its position by the Tyropoeon Valley to its west, by the Hinnom valley to the south, and the Kidron Valley on the east. In the ancient pre-Israelite period, the area is thought to have been separated from the site of the later Temple Mount by the Ophel, an uninhabited area which became the seat of government under Israelite rule.〔Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 21.〕 During the reign of Hezekiah, the walls of the city were expanded westward, enclosing a previously unwalled suburb in the area now known as the Old City of Jerusalem, west of the Temple Mount. The area is highly controversial in the context of the Israeli Palestinian conflict.〔Rapoport, Meron, (Shady Dealings in Silwan ). Ed. Ehud Tagari. Trans. Shoshana L. Sappir. Ir Amim, May 2009〕〔Mizrachi, Yonathan, (Archaeology in the Shadow of the Conflict ) Publication of Emek Shaveh, 2011〕〔Greenberg, Raphael. "Towards an Inclusive Archaeology in Jerusalem: The Case of Silwan/The City of David." Public Archaeology 8.1 (2009): 36〕 The City is located around and below Silwan, a predominantly Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem that has some Jewish residents. Within the City of David itself, Jews now form the majority of the population. In October 2014, Uri Ariel, former Israeli Minister of Housing and Construction, caused controversy when he suggested he was "considering taking up residence" in the area.〔(Housing minister said to be mulling move to east Jerusalem ), 26 October 2014. Quote: "Ariel's move, announced against the backdrop of growing tensions between Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem, evoked scathing criticism from the Left. "This is an irresponsible act by Minister Uri Ariel, who rather than try and curb the () provocations in Jerusalem, had decided to join the band of pyromaniacs eager to light up the powder keg and set Jerusalem on fire," Meretz leader MK Zehava Gal-On said Saturday. Peace Now director Yariv Oppenheimer said, "Minister Ariel's intent to move into Silwan proves that the Jewish settlement in the neighborhood serves as political provocation by the radical Right -- not a housing solution for young couples. Ariel proved himself to be the (MK ) Hanin Zoabi of the Right, all he wants to do is act defiantly and ignite the area."〕 ==Archaeology== Archaeological exploration of the area began in the nineteenth century, with excavations undertaken by Charles Warren in 1867. Warren was sent by the Palestine Exploration Fund. Warren conducted an excavation of the area south of the Temple Mount and recovered a massive fortification. The finding led him conduct more excavations at the area south to mount temple. There he revealed a shaft coming from underground to the surface. He suggested that the shaft was used to supply water to the city. Today this shaft is called after his discoverer "warren's shaft". Warren believed that he is excavating the old biblical city of David. There have been numerous excavations since and several digs are currently underway. Complete lists of the Ottoman Era digs (), British Mandate era digs (), Jordanian era digs () and of the early Israeli era digs () are available at the website of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The area includes several sites of archaeological interest, notably the Siloam tunnel (a water supply system, where the Siloam inscription was found), Warren's shaft (an earlier structure, postulated by some to have been a water supply system), and the Pool of Siloam (the presently extant Byzantine-era pool, and the recently discovered Second Temple-period pool). All of these water supply systems drew their water from the Gihon Spring which lies on the Ophel's eastern slope, and is generally considered the reason that the City was built at this location.〔 The site of the Gihon Spring and Pool of Siloam are incorporated in an archaeological park open to the public. Visitors can wade through the Siloam Tunnel, through which the waters of the ancient spring still flow.〔Archaeology and the City of David, Rick Sherrod, Good News: A Magazine of Understanding, ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「City of David」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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